The pope is one of the most well-known religious figures in the world, yet many people still have questions about who he is and what he does. With the passing of Pope Francis, many people have questions about the leader of the Catholic Church and who might be the next pope. From “What does the pope do every day?” to “Can a pope retire?”—curiosity about the role, authority, and daily life of the pope is everywhere online. In this blog, we’ll answer the most frequently asked questions about the pope, including both serious topics and fun facts, while exploring what the Catholic Church really teaches about the papacy! 

What is the pope?

The pope, also known as the Roman Pontiff, is the bishop of the Church of Rome and the successor to St. Peter, to whom Christ entrusted a unique role among the apostles. After Jesus’ Death, Resurrection, and Ascension into heaven, Peter eventually traveled to Rome, where he led the early Catholic community there and was martyred. The Catholic Church teaches that because the pope inherits St. Peter’s position as Bishop of Rome, he likewise inherits the authority Jesus gave to Peter to lead the Church, just as the bishops inherit the authority that was given to the Apostles.

According to Canon 331, the pope serves as "the head of the college of bishops, the Vicar of, and the pastor of the universal Church on earth." In this role, he holds "supreme, full, immediate, and universal ordinary power in the Church," which he can exercise freely.

Canon 332 §1 further explains that the pope receives this supreme authority upon accepting a legitimate election, provided he has already received episcopal consecration. If the elected individual is not yet a bishop, he must be ordained immediately to assume the office fully.

Who can be pope?

Technically, any baptized male Catholic is eligible to be elected as a pope. You don't have to be a cardinal! 

However, the pope is almost always chosen from among the College of Cardinals, the Church's most senior leaders. While non-cardinals could theoretically be elected, it hasn't happened in centuries. Cardinals under the age of 80 participate in the conclave, and the elected pope must be willing to accept the position. If a non-bishop is elected, he would need to be ordained as a bishop, as the pope is also the Bishop of Rome.

Canon 332 § 1 states that one already a bishop (not necessarily a cardinal) who accepts legitimate papal election becomes pope immediately. However, if a non-bishop is elected, they must promptly receive episcopal consecration. This implies that the basic requirements to be eligible for the papacy include being male, baptized, ordained as a deacon, priest, and bishop (if not already), being willing to accept the role, and having the use of reason to consent to the election and, if necessary, receive holy orders!

Who was the first pope?

The first pope was St. Peter, one of Jesus Christ's twelve apostles. Peter was appointed by Jesus to lead the Church, as reflected in the New Testament passage:

Matthew 16:18-19: Jesus says, "You are Peter, and on this rock I will build my Church, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven."

Who is pope today?

Pope Francis was pope until he passed away on April 21st, 2025. The Church does not currently have a pope. The conclave (the new pope's election) will begin on a date after Pope Francis's funeral on Saturday, April 26th.

What qualities do the cardinals look for in a new pope?

When electing a new pope, the cardinals consider a range of qualities and attributes to ensure that the chosen candidate will effectively lead the Catholic Church. The Code of Canon Law does not explicitly enumerate specific attributes or qualifications for someone to be elected. However, it addresses the process of electing the pope and provides some indirect guidance. Here are some key attributes a cardinal might consider when deciding his vote:

Spiritual and Moral Integrity

• Holiness: The candidate should have a deep spiritual life and be seen as a person of faith and moral integrity.
• Wisdom: The pope should have a profound understanding of Church teachings, Scripture, and Catholic doctrine.

Leadership Skills

• Pastoral Care: The cardinals might seek a pope who also possesses strong pastoral skills, demonstrates empathy, and can provide spiritual guidance to the faithful.

Theological Knowledge 

• Doctrinal Knowledge: The candidate should possess a deep understanding of Catholic theology and tradition and be able to address theological and moral questions.

Experience and Track Record

• Past Experience: Experience in significant ecclesiastical roles, such as bishop or cardinal, and a proven track record of effective leadership and decision-making might be highly valuable when discerning the next leader of the Catholic Church.
• Reputation: When casting their ballots, the cardinals might also consider the candidate's reputation for honesty, diligence, and commitment to the Church's mission.

The cardinals weigh all the important considerations carefully, considering the needs of the Church. The process involves both prayerful discernment and practical considerations to select a leader who will guide the Church effectively in the years to come.

Is the pope in charge of the cardinals?

Yes, the pope is in charge of the cardinals. 

Who are the cardinals?

The College of Cardinals consists of men whom the pope has elevated to the rank of cardinal, entrusting them with the responsibility of serving as his close advisors, collaborators, and electors of his successor. Their decisions are made collectively and require the pope's ratification—except during a papal interregnum when the Holy See is without a pope. 

In earlier centuries, the cardinals were drawn from the most important clergy of Rome, the pope’s diocese, and from the surrounding dioceses. In order to retain the earlier idea in which the bishop of Rome was elected by his own clergy, the vast majority of cardinals are made titular heads of dioceses around Rome or parishes within the boundaries of the Diocese of Rome.

How many cardinals are there?

Today, there are 253 cardinals and 140 Electors.

What is a papal conclave?

A Papal Conclave is the process used by the College of Cardinals to elect a new pope. Papal conclaves happen when the papal seat becomes vacant, either due to the death or resignation of a pope. The word "conclave" comes from the Latin "cum clave," meaning "with a key." This symbolizes the secrecy and isolation in which the election takes place. This conclave process ensures a secret and secure election, guided by prayer and the deliberation of the Church's top leadership.

What responsibilities does the pope have?

The pope holds several important jobs. He leads the universal Church, unites its bishops, and makes final decisions on matters of faith and governance. The duties of the pope encompass both universal and particular authority within the Church. As stated in Canon 333 §1, the pope holds "power over the universal Church" and "the primacy of ordinary power over all particular churches and groups of them." This primacy supports and protects the authority of bishops in their respective dioceses.

Furthermore, Canon 333 §2 emphasizes that the pope, as the "supreme pastor of the Church," remains in communion with the bishops and the universal Church while having the discretion to exercise his role "according to the needs of the Church" whether personally or collegially. This highlights the dual nature of the pope's leadership in the Church. As the "supreme pastor," he maintains a relationship of communion with the bishops and the broader universal Church, ensuring unity in doctrine and governance. He is the head of the college of bishops, and the college cannot act apart from him, while he can exercise his authority individually or collegially. 

Canon 333 §3 asserts that no appeal or recourse is permitted against the pope's decrees or sentences, highlighting the finality of his authority. This finality reflects his supreme authority, ensuring that his role as the ultimate decision-maker is respected and that disputes are resolved definitively under his guidance.

The various dicasteries and other groups in the Vatican work completely at the pope's discretion. Any authority they possess is actually his authority, which he allows them to exercise with his permission.

Does the pope's election HAVE to take place in the Sistine Chapel?

The first pope to be elected in the Sistine Chapel was Pope Alexander VI in 1492. Since 1878, every conclave has been held in the Sistine Chapel. The Church’s law only states that the election has to occur in Vatican City. During John Paul II’s pontificate, there was some discussion of moving the elections; however, Pope John Paul decided to keep it at the Sistine Chapel because it is a holy place, and he believed looking at Michelangelo’s paintings on the Last Judgment would remind the cardinals of their spiritual duties.

Why is electing a pope so secret?

The election of a new pope is kept secret to maintain the integrity of the process, prevent external influence, and foster an atmosphere of prayer and discernment. 

Canon 172 outlines the importance of secrecy. It discusses the conditions for a valid vote for any canonical elections within the Church, not just papal elections. This can include, for example, an election to choose the head of a religious order. According to this canon, a vote must meet specific criteria: it must be free from coercion or malice, whether direct or indirect; it must be secret to ensure privacy; and it must be certain, absolute, and determined. Any vote failing to meet these standards is considered invalid.

All cardinals must swear an oath according to a prescribed formula that they will keep secret what is discussed by the college unless given permission by the pope. Cardinal electors swear an additional oath of secrecy when the conclave begins. They are not even permitted to discuss what happens with cardinals who are too old to vote! Even the staff who are assisting the cardinals are sworn to secrecy. This secrecy is to last even after the conclave has concluded; no one is permitted to discuss the election at any time.

Leaks do happen, though. There is even something in the law about sweeping the Sistine Chapel for bugs: “In a special way, careful and stringent checks must be made, with the help of trustworthy individuals of proven technical ability, in order to ensure that no audiovisual equipment has been secretly installed in these areas for recording and transmission to the outside” (UDG, 51).

What does the pope wear?

The pope wears a cassock, a stole, a chasuble, a mitre, red or black shoes, a papal cross, and a crosier. For many centuries, the pope also had his own papal tiara, which symbolized his authority as a political ruler, but Paul VI retired the use of the tiara.

What is papal infallibility?

Papal infallibility is a doctrine of the Catholic Church that asserts that the pope is preserved from the possibility of error when he solemnly declares or proclaims a doctrine of faith or morals. This belief is rooted in the understanding that the Holy Spirit guides the pope in these instances, ensuring that the teachings he offers are true and authoritative for the Catholic faithful. Historically, popes have exercised this possibility very rarely. In fact, we can only point to two statements that were certainly stated infallibly. However, even when he is not speaking infallibly, Catholics have a duty to listen to and follow the pope's authoritative teachings.

Does the pope get paid?

No. The pope does not receive a salary in the traditional sense, as he does not have personal income like a typical employee. Instead, he is supported through the resources of the Vatican City State, which provides for his needs and expenses.

What is the significance of the white smoke and the black smoke?

The cardinals use white smoke and black smoke during a papal election to communicate the results of the voting process to the world outside the conclave. The smoke signals during the election of a new pope are highly symbolic and traditional.

Black Smoke: 

• Meaning: Black smoke indicates that no candidate has yet received the required two-thirds majority in the voting, and therefore, no pope has been elected.
• Symbolism: It signals to the public that the election process is ongoing and that the cardinals have not reached a consensus. It is a moment of anticipation as people wait for the next round of ballots.

White Smoke:

• Meaning: White smoke signifies that a new pope has been elected and has accepted his position.
• Symbolism: This moment is one of great joy and celebration for Catholics worldwide, as the white smoke announces that the Church has a new leader! The white smoke is a signal for everyone to gather, as the new pope will soon be revealed and give his first blessing to the public.

Who have been the most recent popes?

The last 4 popes:

• Pope Francis (2013)
• Pope Benedict XVI (2005)
• Pope John Paul II (1978)
• Pope John Paul I (1978)

The most recent popes have each led the Church through significant moments of transition. Pope Francis, elected in 2013, has emphasized mercy, social justice, and a pastoral approach to leadership. He succeeded Pope Benedict XVI, who served from 2005 until his historic resignation in 2013, becoming the first pope in nearly 600 years to step down. Before him, Pope John Paul II had a transformative 27-year papacy, shaping the Church’s role in the modern world. His predecessor, Pope John Paul I, served for just 33 days in 1978 before his sudden passing, making his papacy one of the shortest in history.

Where does the pope live?

The pope lives in Vatican City, usually in the Apostolic Palace (Palazzo Apostolico). The Apostolic Palace serves as the pope's official residence and administrative headquarters. Pope Francis has chosen to live in the Domus Sanctae Marthae, close to St. Peter’s Basilica, where the cardinal electors stay during a conclave.

What happens when a pope dies?

When a pope dies, a formal and detailed process unfolds to both mourn the pope and ensure the orderly selection of a new one. Here's an outline of what happens when a pope passes away:

1. Death Verification

The death of the pope is confirmed by the Camerlengo, who is a senior cardinal tasked with overseeing the transition period (also known as the "interregnum"). Traditionally, the Camerlengo calls the pope's name 3 times to ensure his death. Once the pope is confirmed dead, the Camerlengo takes possession of the Papal Ring (the "Fisherman's Ring") and ceremonially breaks it, along with the papal seal, symbolizing the end of his authority. 

2. Announcement of the Pope's Death

After the pope's death is verified, the Vatican formally announces it to the world. Bells may toll in mourning, and the Church enters a period of grieving.

3. Papal Funeral

Traditionally, the pope's body is prepared and lies in state in St. Peter's Basilica so that the faithful can pay their respects. The pope is usually buried 4 to 6 days after death. The funeral is a large, solemn event attended by world leaders, bishops, cardinals, and the faithful. The pope is usually buried in the Vatican Grottoes beneath St. Peter's Basilica, though this depends on his specific wishes.

4. Sede Vacante (Vacant Seat)

From the moment the pope dies until a new pope is elected, the Church enters a period called "Sede Vacante" (literally "the seat is vacant"). During this time:

- The Camerlengo manages the Vatican's day-to-day operations, but he can not make significant decisions (like appointing new bishops).

- The entire [not just electors] College of Cardinals is responsible for governing the Church collectively during this period. However, their governance is concerned solely with ordinary matters, such as pastoral care of the faithful, and other matters which cannot be postponed, such as preparation for the election.

- Any ongoing activities or reforms initiated by the pope are generally put on hold, no new bishops are selected, and there is a general effort to avoid any innovations.

- All the heads of the Vatican dicasteries immediately lose the power of their office because this power was exercised in the name of the pope, but there is no longer a pope! (UDG 14). Only 3 office holders in the Roman Curia continue: the Camerlengo, the Major Penitentiary, and the Almoner.

- The College of Cardinals is also responsible for running Vatican City-State, the world’s smallest country.

4. Calling the Conclave

Preparations for the Papal Conclave begin after the pope's funeral and burial. 

5. Election of the New Pope

Once the conclave begins, the election of the new pope begins. 

For a detailed account of the election of a pope, check out this article.

6. End of the Interregnum

When a new pope is elected, the interregnum ends. The new pope then begins his ministry as the spiritual leader of the Catholic Church.

This process ensures both respect for the deceased pope and a smooth transition of leadership for the Church.

Who was the oldest pope ever?

Pope Leo XIII, who died in 1903 at the age of 93, is the oldest pope whose age can be validated.

Who was the youngest pope ever?

Pope John XII and Pope Benedict IX are considered the youngest popes ever elected. Pope John XII may have been only 18 years old when elected pope.

Can a pope retire? Can a pope resign?

Yes, a pope can resign, although it is a rare occurrence. The resignation of a pope is referred to as a "papal abdication." Canon Law provides for the possibility of a pope resigning, which states that a pope may resign, but the resignation must be made freely and properly announced. No one can force a pope to resign, and no approval is required for the resignation to be effective. 

Does a pope need permission to resign?

No. The pope is the Supreme Lawgiver. He is not bound by canons in the Code of Canon Law, which are not natural or divine law (laws in the code can be natural/divine law that can’t change, and merely ecclesiastical laws that can change). This means that he doesn’t need any permissions or have to fulfill any specific criteria! The law lets us know if the resignation is valid, but it doesn’t really affect the pope. 

Has a pope ever resigned?

Yup! Here are some notable papal resignations:

• Pope Benedict XVI (2013): The most recent and famous example of a papal resignation occurred when Pope Benedict XVI resigned on February 28, 2013, citing his advanced age and declining strength. He was the first pope to voluntarily resign in nearly 600 years! His resignation surprised many, but he expressed that he felt he could no longer adequately fulfill the demands of the papacy. Following his resignation, he became pope Emeritus Benedict XVI.
• Pope Gregory XII (1415): Before Benedict XVI, the last pope to resign was Pope Gregory XII in 1415 during the Western Schism, a period of division within the Catholic Church when multiple men claimed to be pope. Gregory XII resigned to help end the schism and allow the election of a single pope to unify the Church. His resignation was part of a larger effort to resolve the crisis.
• Pope Celestine V (1294): Another well-known resignation is that of Pope Celestine V in 1294. Celestine was a hermit and monk who was elected pope unusually and reluctantly. He quickly realized he was not suited for the administrative duties of the papacy and resigned after only five months. His resignation was voluntary, and he was later canonized as a saint. Interestingly, Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Celestine V's resignation when he stepped down, citing it as a precedent.

How long is a pope usually a pope?

There are no term limits for a pope, and the office is traditionally held for life unless a resignation occurs (which, as mentioned, is rare). The length of a pope's tenure varies significantly, but historically, most popes serve for about 7 to 15 years.

What are the pope's official titles?

Canon 331 of the Code of Canon Law outlines the pope's titles. It states that the Roman Pontiff is the "bishop of the Roman Church" and holds the office given by Christ to Peter, the first apostle. The pope is also described as "the head of the college of bishops," "the Vicar of Christ," and "the pastor of the universal Church on earth." This canon highlights the primary roles and titles that the pope holds within the Church.

The pope is also called the “Successor of the Prince of the Apostles,” “Supreme Pontiff of the Universal Church (Pontifex Maximus),” “Primate of Italy,” “Sovereign of the State of Vatican City,” “Servant of the Servants of God,” and “Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Roman Province.”

Who is most likely to be the next pope?

Predicting the next pope is impossible, but here are some current Cardinals with prominent roles:

• Cardinal Marc Ouellet (Canada): A former prefect of the Congregation for Bishops, he has significant experience in Church governance and is seen as a potential candidate due to his connections and diplomatic skills.
• Cardinal Robert Sarah (Guinea): Known for his traditionalist views, he has served in various high-profile positions within the Vatican and is respected for his theological insights.
• Cardinal Peter Turkson (Ghana): The former head of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development. He has emphasized social issues, particularly those affecting the global South.